| Information sheets | | | Elsenburg infopaks | | | Izilwanyana, imphatho: 17 |
Ukuhlanganiselwa kwamatakane kwiintango zokuxheshisela
Afrikaans | English
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Xa iig usha neegusha ezisencinane (amatakane) zinqabile, amaxabiso enyama akholisa ukuba enyuke. Kuye ke ibe bubulumko ukuba amatakane ahlanganiswe afakwe kwiintango zokuxheshisela, xa ngaba amaxabiso omxhesho akaxhomanga kakhulu. Kananjalo ngamanye amaxesha kuye kufuneke ukuba impahla ihlanganiselwe kwiintango zokuxheshisela xa amadlelo engenakutya, into leyo eyenza ukuba amatakane angakwazi ukuba afikelele kubunzima ekufuneka afike kubo ukuze abe akulungele ukuxhelwa, xa enokuxhomekeka emadlelweni qha. Ngaphezulu, xa umfuyi elumla amatakane amaninzi kakhulu, kuye ngamanye amaxesha kufuneke ukuba amanye aloo matakane makawahlanganisele kuthango lokuxheshisela. |
Kambe ke ukuhlanganiselwa kwamatakane ezintangweni phantsi kweemeko ezinzima kufuna ukuba umgangatho wolawulo lwalo msebenzi ube ngophezulu kakhulu ukuze olu valelo lube nenzuzo oluza nayo. Impumelelo yokuhlanganiselwa kwamatakane ezintangweni ikwaxhomekeke nakwizinto ezifana nendawo yokuhlala, uhlobo lomxhesho kwakunye nokuthintelwa kwezifo ezinokungena ematakaneni.
Ingeniso enokwenziwa kukuhlanganisela amatakane ezintangweni ixhomekeka isikakhulu kwindlela ahambelana ngayo amaxabiso enyama kunye nawomxhesho (umlinganisela wenyama: namaxabiso omxhesho). Xa impahla ithengelwe ukuba ihlanganiselwe ezintangweni zokuxheshisela, nexabiso elo ithengwe ngalo nalo linenxaxheba enkulu kwinkalo yengeniso eya kwenziwa.
Indlela ethi yenzeke ngayo inguqu kwingenelo xa kuye kwabakho inguqu kumaxabiso omxhesho okanye nakwawenyama, iboniswe phaya kwiSihlomelelo A, kwaza kwaboniswa noqikelelo lobunzima obufanelekileyo ngexesha lokuxhela, ipesenti yokuxhela, ukufa, ukunyuka kobunzima, ukuguqulwa komxhesho, ixabiso lokuthengwa kwamatakane kwakunye nexabiso lawo phaya ekuqaleni.
Iigusha zinokuxheshiseka kakuhle ezintangweni okanye ezishedini.
Ubudala nobunzima obufanelekileyo ngexesha lokulunyulwa
Amatakaneakhawuleze alunyulwa anakho ukuba aye kufakwa kuthango lokuxheshisela xa aneeveki ezisibhozo ubudala. Ukuguqulwa komxhesho okunokulindelwa phaya kuthango lokuxheshisela kuhamba bhetele ngakumbi xa ngaba amatakane aye aya kuvalelwa esemancinane. Kanti ke ngenx' enye xa amatakane athe ayekwa ixesha elidala esidla emadlelweni, iindleko zokuwaxheshisela kwiintango zokuxheshisela ziye zihle kakhulu. Kunokuba bhetele xa ngaba amatakane akakho ngaphantsi kobunzima beekhilo ezilishumi elinesihlanu (15). Indlela oguqulwa ngayo umxhesho ngamatakane iye ihle kakhulu njengokuba amatakane esiya esiba madala nje, esiba nzima nokuba nzima, kuba imizimba yawo ngoku inamanqathe amaninzi ngaphezu kwenyama.
Indawo yokuba ngaba leliphi na ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuba amatakane angathengiswa ixhomekeka isikakhulu ekubeni ngaba amatakane lawo aloluphi na uhlobo. Umzekelo, amatakane ohlobo lweegusha ekuthiwa zii-SA Meat Merino akholisa ngokuba athengiswe xa emalunga namashumi amane eekhilo ubunzima (40 kg). Kanti ke ngenx' enye amatakane ohlobo lweegusha ekuthiwa ziiDorper wona athengiswa ngaphambilana noko kunoku (xa amalunga neekhilo ezingamashumi amathathu anesibhozo (30 kg) ubunzima), kuba xa enobunzima obungaphezulu kunobu, imizimba yawo ityeba kakhulu ngokugqithisileyo. Impahla akulindelekanga noko ukuba ibe nobunzima obuphezulu kakhulu xa iza kuthengiswa, kuba kaloku ngeli xesha ukuguqulwa komxhesho sukuba sele kuhlile noko, into ke leyo ethetha ukuba imizimba le yayo ingaba sele itekezela ngamanqathe, into ke leyo nayo ethi ilithobe ixabiso.
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INDAWO AHLALA KUYO
Uhlobo lomgangatho Umgangatho kufuneka ukuba indlela le wenziwe ngayo ibe yengazi kuwuvumela umchamo ukuba uqokelelane kuwo ubange ubumanzi nobugxovu-gxovu bobumdaka. Xa indlela inokubakhona, iintango zokuxheshisela kufuneka ukuba zakhiwe kwiindawo ezithambekileyo khona ukuze kuthintelwe ezo meko zobumanzi nobugxovu-gxovu. Imikhombe yokuxheshisela Xa iigusha zixheshiswa nje umdudu, oko kukuthi kungekho gusha inendawo yayo yodwa yokuxheshiselwa, kufuneka ukuba ubuncinane kuxheshiswa ngendlela eya kwenza ukuba igusha nganye ubuncinane ibe nesithuba esimalunga neesentimitha ezine (4 cm) ukuya kwezilishumi. Imikhombe kufuneka ibe yekuthintelayo ukuchithakala komxhesho, into leyo edala ilahleko. Kananjalo imikhombe kufuneka ikhuseleke emvuleni. |
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Imikhombe yamanzi
Imikhombe yamanzi kufuneka ibekwe kude kangangoko apha kule yokuxheshisela. Kufuneka ingabi nazindawo zivuzayo, kungenjalo loo nto ingenza ukuba kudaleke iindawo zokuzalela izimfimfithi-gazi. Iindawo ezimanzi ziyasenza nesifo sokubola phakathi kweempuphu. Ubukhulu bothango lokuxheshisela Kufuneka kuthango ngalunye kufakwe iqela leegusha ezingamashumi amathathu (30) ukuya kwamahlanu (50). Xa inokubakhona indlela, iigusha ezi kufuneka zahlulwe ngokwendlela ezitya ngayo, zize ke zibe zodwa ezitya kakhulu, zibe zodwa neziphakathi nje, zize zibe zodwa nezo zingatyi kakhulu. |
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Ubukhulu bomgangatho
Kwiintango ezivulekileyo kufuneka ukuba isithuba segusha nganye apha emgangathweni sibe malunga ne-1.8 m2. Kanti ke kwimigangatho yeentango ezivalwe ngamasarha (amaplanga asicaba) i-0.4m2 iyanele igusha enye. |
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Umthunzi
Kufuneka ukuba igusha nganye ikwazi ukuba ibe nomthunzi onesithuba esimalunga ne-0.4 m2. |
UKUXHESHISWA KWAMATAKANE KWIINTANGO ZOKUXHESHISELA
Ukuqhelaniswa
Impahla kufuneka ukuba xa ifakwa kwiintango zokuxheshisela ikhe ibe nethuba lokuqhelaniswa. Kulaa veki yokuqala kufuneka igusha nganye inikwe ifuru eyaneleyo kunye ne-300 g nomxhesho weziniki-mandla ngemini. Kuleya yesibini iveki kufuneka igusha nganye ngemini inikwe ifuru kunye ne-500 g yomxhesho weziniki-mandla. Emva koko imixhesho eziziniki-mandla inganikwa nakanjani na. Umxhesho ezixheshiswa ngawo kufuneka ukuba ungatshintshwa rhoqo, kungenjalo kungathi kuvele iingxaki zokungaqheli. Kufuneka ukuba kukhunjulwe ukuba impahla ithatha malunga neeveki ezimbini phambi kokuba iqhele uhlobo oluthile lokutya. Kufuneka ukuba ngalo lonke ixesha umxhesho osisintlakantlakiso usoloko ukhona ukwenzela ukuthintela iingxaki ezinxulumene nokusebenza kwesisu.
Iimfuno zokuxheshisa
Ukuze kusebenze ngokupheleleyo nangempumelelo ukutya kwamatakane amancinane kufuneka ukuba kufezekise ezi mfuno zilandelayo:
- kukonke ukutya okunesondlo okwetyisekayo: 68%
- iyonke iprothini entlakantlaka: 16%
- isintlakantlakiso: 12 - 16%
- ikhalsiyam: 0.8%
- ifosfeyithi: 0.3%
Kubalulekile ukuba ukutya makube kukutya okucwangciseke akuhle. Nangona ke ukutya okucwangciseke kakuhle kunokuthanda ukubiza amaxabiso aphezulu, kuko okukholise ngokuba nempumelelo.
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Ukuma komxhesho (ubunjani bawo)
Ukuwusila umbona okanye ukuwufaka ezinye izinto zokuwusebenza akuloncedo lungako noko ezigusheni. Kukwabhetele kwa-ukuba ziwunikwe uziinkozo unjalo, kuba loo nto iyakuthintela ukuba ne-asidi eninzi. Ukuwucola uze wenziwe iingqalumbana (pelletinging) kuba luncedo kona kuba kuyawunyusa umthamo eziwutyayo, kuphucule nomgangatho wazo kananjalo, kodwa ke ukuba ngaba amatakane avalelwe kwiintango, ingangabi bubulumko ukungena kuzo zonke ezo ndleko zokuthenga izinto ezizizixhobo zokucola umxhesho nokuwubonda ukuwenza iingqalumbana. Umxhesho ozizintlakantlakiso ungasilwa (kusetyenziswae isefu eyi-12 mm ukuya kwi-18 mm ubukhulu) okanye unqunqwe, kuba loo nto iyawucutha noko othi ulahleke (ngokumoshakala), kwaye iphucula nomgangatho. Kuyafuneka ukuba xa umxhesho usiliwe mawudityaniswe nento eza kuwubamba ukwenzela ukuba ungade kucace ukuba uza kuba ngathi luthuli. |
Iinkozo ezityetyisiweyo
Inkulu kakhulu impumelelo eye ibonakaliswe kukusebenzisa iinkozo ezitytyisiweyo okanye iinkozo eziyitshokholethi. Iindleko zokutyebisa umxhesho oziinkozo azikho phezulu,kwaye iinkozo ezityetyisiweyo zifakwa nezidambisi (izikhuseli), into ke leyo eyenza ukuba impahla ikhuseleke. Ezi zilandelayo zizikhokelo zokusetyenziswa kwemixhesho eziinkozo ezityetyisiweyo:
- Kufuneka zinikwe malunga ne-105 ukuya kwi-20% yomxhesho osisintlakantlakiso - ube wodwa wona - ngeli xesha zinikwa oziinkozo. Loo nto inceda ekuphuculeni indlela osetyenziswa ngayo, ngakumbi kwiinkozo ezingenasintlakantlakiso sininzi, ezifana nombona.
- Imixube akufuneki ihlale ithuba elingaphezulu kuneentsuku ezilishumi elinesine (14) phambi kokuba isetyenziswe, kuba kaloku laa nto ibidityaniselwe ukuwenza ubambane umxube lo ingade yome.
Uhlobo lomxhesho oziinkozo
Umxhesho oziinkozo owaba soloko inguwo osetyenziswayo ekuxheshisweni kweegusha ngumbona. Kambe ke nezinye izinto ezineenkozo ezincinane nazo zingakwazi ukusetyenziswa ngempumelelo ekuxheshiseni. Nangona ezi nkozo zincinane zale mixhesho zingaphantsi kunombona ngomthamo wazo weziniki-mandla, umthamo wazo weeprothini uyawubetha owombona. Irhasi, ingqolowa kunye nomxube wengqolowa nerorho (rye), zonke ezi yimixhesho eziinkozo ezincinane eye isetyenziswe ekuxheshiseni amatakane, kungabikho ngxaki. Ihabile yona inomthamo omncinane kwiziniki-mandla, kwaye akufanelekanga ukuba yona isetyenziswe yodwa xa kusetyenziswa umxhesho oziinkozo. Irorho yona noko inako ukungabi nancasa, kwaye inazo nezinye izinto apha kuyo ezikudodobalisayo ukondleka. Kanti ke inakho nokuthi kanti sele ingenwe nangumngundo ekuthiwa yiergot, into ke leyo enokuyenza kungabikho luncedo iza nalo xa ithe yasetyenziswa njengenxenye yomxhesho anikwa wona amatakane.
Umgangatho wesintlakantlakiso
Umgangatho wesintlakantlakiso unenxaxheba ebaluleke kakhulu kumthamo womxhesho owomileyo awuthathayo amatakane akwiintango zokuxheshisela, ngokunjalo nakwindlela akhula ngayo. Xa uthe umxhesho wesintlakantlakiso anikwa wona amatakane wayekwa, aza endaweni yawo anikwa umxhesho wesintlakantlakiso esikumgangatho osezantsi, uhla kakhulu umthamo awuthathayo amatakane, kunjalo nje nokukhula kwawo kuthande ukucotha kakhulu.
Iiprothini ezikumgangatho ophezulu
Kuyimfuneko enkulu ukuba xa kuxheshiswa amatakane asemancinane umxhesho wawo mawube neeprothini ezikumgangatho ophezulu (ezivela kwinto engonakali msinyane). Ziba zihle kakhulu iziphumo zokufaka malunga ne-4% emxheshweni. Kanti nokufaka umgubo wejem yempahla (isitena) (umzekelo, oweesoya okanye owembewu yomqhaphu) nako kuba neziphumo ezihle kakhulu.
Umxhesho wasezintangweni zokuxheshisela
Xa amatakane eza kufakwa ezintangweni zokuxheshisela, kububulumko ukuba anikwe umxhesho osetyenziswa khona kwaphambi kokuba alunyulwe koonina, ukwenzela ukuthintela iingxaki zokungaqheli xa sele efakiwe eluthangweni lokuxheshisela.
Izongezelelo nezinto zokukhawulezisa ukukhula
Zikhona, kwaye zininzi iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto zokudibanisa emxheshweni nezokukhawulezisa ukukhula ezithi ziyiphucule inkqubo yemihlambi.
- Ezi zinto ke zibandakanya izinto ezithi ziwunyuse umthamo otyiwa ngamatakane (izinto ezifana nezithintela umngundo (antioxidants), ezokuphucula incasa kunye nezokwenza imixube ibambane),
- izinto eziye ziyijike indlela yokwetyiswa nokuthathwa kokutya ngumzimba (ezifana nezithinteli, ii-enzam, nezinqanda-ntlungu),
- izinto ezinefuthe kwindlela ekusetyenziswa ngayo ukutya ngumzimba wempahla (ezifana nokufakwa kwencindi yedlala emzimbeni wempahla nezinto zokuzolisa),
- izinto eziyiphuculayo impilo yempahla (ezifana nezinto zokuthintela ukungunda, ezokulwa iintlungu, iicoccidiostates, izinto zokubulala izimfimfithi-gazi, kunye nezokubulala amaphalo) kunye
- nezikhuthaza ukusebenza kwesisu (izinto ezifana nee-ionophores).
- Apha kweli (ilizwe) izinto zokukhuthaza ukukhula nezokulwa iintlungu eziye zisetyenziswe yiTautoratec, Salocin, Ralgo neTilosien.
IINGXAKI ZEENTANGO ZOKUXHESHISELA
Isifo se-asidi (acidosis - inyongo)
Kwimpahla eyetyisayo evalelwe kwiintango zokuxheshisela, esona sigulo sixhaphake kakhulu yinyongo (ubuninzi be-asidi emzimbeni). Le meko yokuba nesi sigulo iye ivele xa impahla isitya kakhulu umxhesho onesitatshi esininzi, ize ihle kakhulu ke ne-pH yesisu. Kananjalo, esi sigulo singayenza impahla isuke ikhawuleze ife, kwaye sikwabanga neengxaki ezifana norhudo neenyawo ezibuhlungu (ilaminitis). Esi sigulo sinokuthintelwa ngokuthi impahla inikwe ixesha elaneleyo lokuziqhelanisa, nangodibanisa izithinteli emxheshweni wazo (izinto ezifana nelayim, islaked lime okanye icaustic soda). Kananjalo sinokuthintelwa nangokuyinika isintlakantlakiso ngokwaneleyo impahla.
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Isifo sezintso (Pulpy kidney)
Iigusha ziyathanda ukungenwa sisifo sezintso (ipulpy kidney) xa umxhesho wazo utshintshiwe. Ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba itofwe impahla xa iza kufakwa kwiintango zokuxheshisela. Amatye esinyini Amatye esinyini akholisa ukubakho kumatakane aziinkatyana naziinkunzi avalelwe kwiintango zokuxheshisela. Indlela yokuyithintela le nto kukuba kumxhesho wawo kuxutywe i-0,5 ukuya kwi-1,0% yesal ammoniac okanye nayiphi na enye into ewenzayo nayo lo msebenzi. Lukhona unxulumano phakathi kwamatye asesinyini nokutya kakhulu ifosifeyithi kunye nolwalamo lwe-Ca:P olungaphantsi kuka-2:1. Izimfimfithi-gazi zangaphakathi Xa impahla iza kufakwa kwiintango zokuxheshisela kububulumko ukuba itofwe ngesitofu esinqanda izinto ezininzi, khona ukuze kugutyuleke izimfimfithi-gazi zangaphakathi. |
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Izilonda esibindini
Xa impahla ingafumani zintlakantlakiso ngokwaneleyo, loo nto isengadala ukutshotshozela apha ngaphakathi kwinwebu yesisu, kwaye ke nesibindi singade siphume izilonda ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukuxutywa kweTilosien okanye enye into esebenza ngokufanayo nayo, kunokunceda kakhulu ekuyithinteleni le meko. Izilonda emiphungeni Ukkuba ngaba indlela elimiswe ngayo uthango lokuxheshisela luwenza ungakwazi umchamo ukubaleka, loo nto yenza ukuba kuqokelelane iamoniya, into ke leyo eye izale iinkathazo zemiphunga. Kubaluleke kakhulu ke ngoko ukuba iindawo zokuxheshisela ekuvalelwe kuzo impahla mazibe nempepho ngokwaneleyo. |
Ukutya ityhefu
Xa kuxutywa umxhesho nee-ionophores okanye nezinto zokukhawulezisa ukukhula, kufuneka uthathelwe ingqalelo enkulu umthamo waloo nto ixutywayo, kuqinisekiswe ukuba zixubene ngokwemilinganiselo efanelekileyo, kunjalo nje nokuba zixutyisiswe kakuhle. Ezi zinto zinobungozi kakhulu kangangokuba zingayibulala nokuyibulala impahla ukuba ngaba ayilandelisiswanga ngokuthe gca imiyalelo yokuseza. Iyuriyam (ureum) nayo inobutyhefu kunjalo nje xa yona ixutywa emxheshweni, kufuneka umthamo wayo ungadluli kwi-2%. Kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngakumbi ukuba xa umxhesho ingumxhesho oneyuriyam, kufuneka ungaze uyekwe udibane nokumanziswa yimvula, kuba kaloku iyuriyam iyanyibilika emanzini amileyo, into ke leyo enokwenza ukuba iigusha zitye into enetyhefu.
Ityhefu yekopa
Kufuneka ilunyukelwe kakhulu into yokuba umxhesho ube nekopa engaphaya kwe-10 ppm, kuba iyazibulala iigusha xa zithe zayitya kakhulu.
Ukunqongophala kukaVitamin B1 (thiamine)
Impahla ethi ixheshiswe ngomxhesho oziinkozo ixesha elide iye ibe nokuba nengxaki yokunqongophalelwa yithiamine. Le ngxaki ke inokuthi inqandwe ngokuthi kwitoni nganye yomxhesho kuxutywe i-5 g ukuya kwi-10 g yethiamine hydrochloride. Xa kuthe kwacaca ukuba iigusha zinengxaki yokunganeli kwethiamine hydrochloride kufuneka ukuba igusha nganye isezwe i-1 g qho ngemini.
| IXABISO LOMXHESHO | IXABISO LENYAMA | ||||||
| 12.00 | 13.00 | 14.00 | 15.00 | 16.00 | 17.00 | 18.00 | |
| 0.40 | 107.68 | 125.32 | 142.96 | 160.60 | 178.24 | 195.88 |
213.52 |
| 0.45 | 102.68 | 120.32 | 137.96 | 155.60 | 173.24 | 190.88 | 208.52 |
| 0.50 | 97.68 | 115.32 | 132.96 | 150.60 | 168.24 | 185.88 | 203.52 |
| 0.55 | 92.68 | 110.32 | 127.96 | 145.60 | 163.24 | 180.88 | 198.52 |
| 0.60 | 87.68 | 105.32 | 122.96 | 140.60 | 158.24 | 175.88 | 193.52 |
| 0.65 | 82.68 | 100.32 | 117.96 | 135.60 | 153.24 | 170.88 | 188.52 |
| 0.70 | 77.68 | 95.32 | 112.96 | 130.60 | 148.24 | 165.88 | 183.52 |
| 0.75 | 72.68 | 90.32 | 107.96 | 125.60 | 143.24 | 160.88 | 178.52 |
| 0.80 | 67.68 | 85.32 | 102.96 | 120.60 | 138.24 | 155.88 | 173.52 |
| 0.90 | 57.68 | 75.32 | 92.96 | 110.60 | 128.24 | 145.88 | 163.52 |
| 1.00 | 47.68 | 65.32 | 82.96 | 100.60 | 118.24 | 135.88 | 153.52 |
| 1.10 | 37.68 | 55.32 | 72.96 | 90.60 | 108.24 | 125.88 | 143.52 |
| 1.20 | 27.68 | 45.32 | 62.96 | 80.60 | 98.24 | 115.88 | 133.52 |
| 1.30 | 17.68 | 35.32 | 52.96 | 70.60 | 88.24 | 105.88 | 123.52 |
| 1.40 | 7.68 | 25.32 | 42.96 | 60.60 | 78.24 | 95.88 | 113.52 |
| 1.50 | -2.32 | 15.32 | 32.96 | 50.60 | 68.24 | 85.88 | 103.52 |
Isidweliso (Table) 1: Impembelelo zokutshintsha kwamaxabiso omxhesho nawenyama kwingeniso nakwiindleko zokuthengwa kwamatakane
- Uqikelelo lwengeniso (ixabiso lokuthengisa)
Ubunzima ngexesha lokuxhela x ipesenti yokuxhela x ixabiso lenyama x ipesenti ethengisiweyo
- Inkcitho ethe ngqo (iindleko zomxhesho)
Ukunyuka kobunzima x ukuguqulwa komxhesho x ixabiso lomxhesho
- Ixabiso ekuqaleni
Ubunzima ekuqaleni x ixabiso lokuthenga
- Ingeniso phezu kweendleko zomxhesho
Uqikelelo lwengeniso - inkcitho ethe ngqo - ixabiso ekuqaleni
Umzekelo
| Ubunzima ekuqaleni | : | 20 kg |
| Ubunzima ekugqibeleni | : | 40 kg |
| Ukunyuka kobunzima | : | 20 kg |
| Ipesenti yokuxhela | : | 45% (0.45) |
| Ixabiso lenyama | : | R8.00 / kg |
| Ukuguqulwa komxhesho nganye | : | 5.00 kg yomxhesho efunekayo ngekhilo yokunyuka kobunzima |
| Ukufa | : | 2% (0,02) |
| Ipesenti ethengisiweyo | : | 98% (0,98) |
| Ixabiso lomxhesho | : | 50c/kg (R500/ton) |
| Ixabiso lokuqala | : | R3.20 / kg ubunzima baxa isahleli |
| Uqikelelo lwengeniso | : | 40 x 0.45 x 8.00 x 0.98 |
| (Ixabiso lokuthengisa) | = | R141.12 |
| Inkcitho ethe ngqo | : | 20 x 5.0 x 0.50 |
| (Ixabiso lomxhesho) | = | R50.00 |
| Ixabiso ekuqaleni | : | 20 x 3.20 |
| (Ixabiso lokuthenga) | = | R64.00 |
| Ingeniso phezu kweendleko zomxhesho | : | R141.12 - R50.00 - R64.00 |
| (Ngetakane ngalinye) | = | R27.12 |
Ezinye izinto ezikwafuna ukuthathelwa ingqalelo:
- Iindleko zothutho (ukuba bezikhona)
- Inkcitho yeentengo ezinkulu ezijongene nezibonelelo
- iindleko zokulondoloza nokulungisa kunye nezabasebenzi
- amayeza
Isidweliso 1 sibonisa ingenelo phezu kweendleko zomxhesho xa kukho inguqu kwixabiso lomxhesho okanye nakwelenyama, noqikelelo lobunzima ngexesha lokuxhelwa, ipesenti yokuxhela, ukufa, ukunyuka kobunzima, ukuguqulwa komxhesho kwakunye nexabiso lokuthengwa kwamatakane kwakunye nexabiso lawo lasekuqaleni.
TS Brand & B Aucamp
ELSENBURG / Research
