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Ukuqwalaselwa kwezilwanyana zasefama ezidumbileyo (ezifuna iinkunzi) Afrikaans | English

IIGUSHA

  • Iimazi zeegusha ezisencinane ziqala (amathokazi eegusha) ukufikisa (ukulungela ukuzala) xa zikubudala obuphakathi kweenyanga ezisixhenxe nezilishumi elinesibini. Kambe kuye kubekho umahluko okhoyo ngokweentlobo zazo, nangokweemeko zeendawo ezihlala kuzo, kwaye ke nendlela ezilondolozwa ngayo izilwanyana inegalelo kwixesha ezifika ngalo kwintanga yokufikisa (yokulungela ukuzala).

  • Ukufuna inkunzi (ukukhwelwa)luphawu lokuba ziqalile ukufikisa.

  • Xa iimazi zeegusha ezisencinane ziqalisa ukufikisa loo nto ayithethi ukuba sele zikulungele ukuba zingazala, kuba kaloku azikakhuli ngokupheleleyo.

  • Iimazi zeegusha kufuneka noko ubunzima bazo bufike kuma-40 kg okanye izahlulo zesithathu ezibini zobunzima bobudala phambi kokuba zidityaniswe neenkunzi okokuqala. Ukukhula kweemazi zeegusha nokuzala kwazo kunokuthi kudodobale xa zinokuthi zikhawuleze zidityaniswe neenkunzi zisencinane kakhulu.

  • Le mpahla (iigusha) iqalisa ukusukelwa xa ifike kwixesha lokudumba. Emva koko kulandela ithuba lokuba zikhe ziphumle, kungabikho kusukelwa ziinkunzi.

  • Eli xesha lokufuna iinkunzi kunye neli lokusukelwa ngamaxesha athatha imijikelo yawo, mijikelo leyo ilawulwa kukusebenza kwencindi yamadlala. Umjikelo umnye ufika qho emva kweentsuku ezilishumi elinesine (4) okanye ezilishumi elinethoba (19), kanti ke ezigusheni umyinge weentsuku zalo mjikelo wokufuna komzimba inkunzi uyafika nakwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesixhenxe (17).

  • Oku kufuna komzimba inkunzi kuthatha iiyure ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe (27), kodwa kusenokuthatha ixeshana nje elifutshane elinokude libe zizo neeyure ezintathu kwiimazi zeegusha ezisencinane.

  • Xa iimeko ezihleli kuzo iigusha iziimeko ezintle nezifanelekileyo, iintlobo zeegusha ezifana neeMerino, iiDohne Merino, iiSA Meat Merino neeDorper ziyakwazi ukuba nemizimba efuna iinkunzi unyaka lo wonke, nangona ke ukusukelwa kona (ukukhwelwa) kuqhubeka ngexesha lako kanye.

  • Isikakhulu ukusukelwa kweemazi kuxhomekeka kubude bemini, oko kukuthi kwixesha lokukhanya kwelanga. Ekwindla xa iimini ziqalisa ukuba mfutshane (xa ilanga liqalisa ukutshona msinyane), iinkunzi zisukela kakhulu. Kanti ke phaya ekuqaleni kokungena kwehlobo, xa iimini zinde (ilanga litshona kade), isantya sokusukela kweenkunzi siba sezantsi kakhulu. Emva koko ke kunokulandela ixesha lokuphumla, apho ke imizimba yeemazi ingafuni zinkunzi.

  • Imizimba iyeka ukufuna iinkunzi zakuba zithe zathatha (zamitha).

  • Indlela ezondliwa ngayo iigusha kwakunye nendlela ezilondolozwa ngayo zinefuthe kakhulu kwimijikelo yexesha lokufuna kwemizimba iinkunzi kwakunye nakwixesha lokusukelwa.

  • Iinkunzi zona ziqala ukuba namaqanda (amadlozi) anokuzalisa xa zineenyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwezisibhozo ubudala, kodwa ke kukholisa ukuba kungaqaliswa ukuzisebenzisela ukukhwelisa phambi kokuba zifike kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo (18) ukuya kwezingamashumi amabini (24) ubudala.

  • Ixesha leenkunzi lokusukela lona alihambi ngokwala maxesha eemazi okuba nemizimba efuna iinkunzi, nangona ke zisukela kakhulu ekwindla. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu (angaphezu kwama-27°C) anokuwudodobalisa kakhulu umgangatho wamadlozi eenkunzi.

Ukuqwalasela ukudumba kweemazi

  • Iimpawu zokufuna kwemizimba iinkunzi azibonakali kakuhle ezigusheni njengokuba kunjalo ezimazini zeenkomo.

  • Iimazi zeegusha ziye zibonakale ngokuthanda ukugungqa.

  • Kuye kubekho ukungcangcazela kakhulu komisila.

  • Kuyakholisa nokuba kubonakale ukudumbana apha ngemva.

  • Kuthi ukuze kubonakale kakuhle ukuba iimazi zeegusha zifuna iinkunzi kube kukho iinkunzi zeegusha ezikhoyo phakathi kwazo.

  • Ziye ke ezo mazi zinemizimba efuna iinkunzi zizifune apho zikhoyo iinkunzi.

  • Iimazi zeegusha ezifuna iinkunzi ziye zithande ukusondela kakhulu apha ezinkunzini, zimane zizikhuhla ngeentamo qho apha kuzo ezintanyeni okanye emizimbeni.

  • Eyona nto ikubonisa ngenene ukuba iimazi zeegusha ziyazifuna iinkunzi kukuba zime ngxi xa iinkunzi zikhwela.

  • Iinkunzi zeegusha ezivaliweyo okanye ezifakwe isichemana sokuthintela umthondo lo ungakwazi ukungena emazini, zinokusetyenziselwa ekuboneni iimazi ezinemizimba efuna iinkunzi.

  • Ukuba ngaba akukwazeki ukuba zingasoloko zibekwe esweni ngalo lonke ixesha, kunokwenziwa iimpawu ezibhalwe apha ezifubeni zeenkunzi zeegusha ukwenzela ukubona iimazi ezifuna iinkunzi. Xa ngaba izinto zokwenza ezi mpawu (izixhobo zokuletela) azikho, kunokwenziwa into yokuletela ngokuxuba imbola kunye nemajarini, kuze ke kuqatywe ngaloo mxube apha ezifubeni zeenkunzi zeegusha.

Ukukhwelisa

Zininzi iindlela zokukhwelisa eziye zisetyenziswe ekukhwelisweni kweemazi zeegusha:

  • Ukukhweliswa kweqela okanye komhlambi apho kuza kubakho iinkunzi enye okanye nangaphezulu eziza kukhweliswa iimazi zeegusha.

  • Ukudibanisa ngambini apho iimazi ezifuna iinkunzi ziye zabonwa ngokusebenzisa iinkunzi ezivaliweyo, kuze ke kuthathwe imazi yegusha ethile idityaniswe nenkunzi yegusha ethile.

  • Ukumithisa ngesandla ngokuthi iimazi ezifuna iinkunzi zifakwe imbewu ngesandla.

Nokuba kusetyenziswe oluphi na uhlobo, ulawulo lomhlambi weegusha kufuneka lujoliswe ekukhuthazeni iinkunzi ukuba mazisukele ngamandla, nasekugcineni iinkunzi zeegusha kunye neemazi zeegusha zikwimeko entle kangangoko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziya kuwenza ngempumelelo umsebenzi wazo wokusukela.

  • Iinkunzi zeegusha kufuneka zinikwe umxhesho wokuncedisa phambi kokuba zisukele nasemva kokuba bezisukela.

  • Iimazi zeegusha kufuneka zinikwe izinto eziyimivusa kwakwiiveki ezintathu phambi kokuba zisukelwe nakwiiveki ezintathu ezilandela ukusukelwa, kodwa ke oko kwenziwe ithathelwa ingqalelo imeko ezikuyo iimazi ezo.Akufuneki ukuba impahla le ityetyiswe kakhulu.

  • Iinkunzi zeegusha kufuneka ukuba phambi kokuba zidityaniswe neemazi zihlolwe ukuba ziyakwazi na ukuzalisa nokuba zikwazi kangakani na ukukhwela, kwaye kufuneka nokuba nemizimba le yazo ikhe ikhangelwe ukuba ikwimeko enjani na ngokomelela (umzekelo zinokukhe zihanjiswe ngokukhawuleza isithuba sekhilo enye ukuya kwezimbini yonke imihla).

  • Kufuneka kuzanywe kangangoko ukuba iimazi zeegusha neenkunzi zingadityaniswa phambi kokuba liqale ithuba lokusukelwa.

  • Kunokuthi kwiiveki ezimbini phambi kokuba kuqaliswe ngokuzisukelisa kufakwe iinkunzi ezivaliweyo apha phakathi kweemazi zeegusha ngenjongo yokuzenza zitshele ukudibana neenkunzi.

  • Unyango olwenzelwe ukulwa nezimfimfithi-gazi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle kufuneka lube lugqityiwe kwisithuba senyanga ukuya kwiiveki ezimbini phambi kokuba ziqalise ukusukelwa; ngokunjalo nokugonywa (ukutofwa).

  • Iigusha ezinoboya obuneenyanga ezingaphaya kwezintandathu kufuneka ukuba zibuphungulwe obo boya.

  • Kufuneka ukuba emhlambini ngamnye kusetyenziswe inani leenkunzi zeegusha elaneleyo (3 ukuya kwi-4%).

  • Iimazi zeegusha ezisencinane (amathokazi) kufuneka zidityaniswe neenkunzi zizodwa.

  • Ukudityaniswa neenkunzi kufuneka ubuncinane kuqhube imijikelo emibini yamaxesha okufuna iinkunzi, oko kukuthi iintsuku ezingamashumi amathathu anesine (34).

  • Kufuneka kusetyenziswe iinkampana ezincinane ezinengca okanye umxhesho kunye namanzi nomthunzi ngokwaneleyo.

  • Iimazi zeegusha kufuneka zigcinwe zikwimeko ezolileyo isithuba seeveki ezine emva kokuba zisukelwe.

IINKOMO

  • Amathokazi wona aye afike kwintanga yokufikisa xa aneenyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwezilishumi elinesihlanu ubudala. Kambe ke uye ubekhona umahluko ngokweentlobo zawo nakwiindlela axheshiswa ngazo, izinto ezo ezinefuthe kakhulu kwindlela aye akhule ngayo.

  • Amathokazi kunokuba bhetele kakhulu xa anokuqaliswa ukudityaniswa neenkunzi xa akwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo (18) ukuya kwezingamashumi amabini anesine (24) ubudala. Kumathokazi athe asukeliswa kwangoko asakuba efikelele kwintanga yokufikisa inokulindelwa into yokuba kungadodobaliseka ukuthatha kwawo naselubisini abe nobusaqhaga, kuba kaloku loo nto yokuwakhawulezela ngokuwasukelisa iyakudodobalisa ukukhula kwawo.

  • Ukuba nomzimba ofuna iinkunzi kuthetha ukuba aqalisile ukufikisa.

  • Iimazi zeenkomo ziba nemijikelo yemizimba efuna iinkunzi esisithuba seentsuku ezingamashumi amabini ananye (21), oko kukuthi qho emva kweentsuku ezingamashumi amabini ananye, nangona ke esi sithuba sisenokumana sijika, sibe ziintsuku ezilishumi elinesibhozo (18) ukuya kwezingamashumi amabini anesithathu (18).

  • Le meko yokufuna komzimba inkunzi inokuqhuba ithuba elingangeeyure ezintathu (3) ukuya nakwezingamashumi amabini anesine (24), kanti ke ngokomyinge ziba lishumi elinesithandathu (16) Kungeli xesha ke apho zinokuthi zidityaniswe neenkunzi.

  • Akukho kusukelwa kuye kuqhubeke ngexesha lokuphumla ekufuneni iinkunzi, ixesha elo ke eliye libemalunga neeyure ezingamashumi amabini.

  • Umjikelo wokufuna komzimba iinkunzi unokuqhawulwa kukumitha nakukugula.

  • Umjikelo wokufuna komzimba iinkunzi uye uphinde uqale kwisithuba seenyanga ezimbini emva kokuba inkomo izele.

  • Imizimba yeemazi zeenkomo ayinaxesha lithile lokuba ifune iinkunzi, koko loo nto yenzeka unyaka lo wonke. Ixesha lokuphumla ekufuneni iinkunzi linokuba sebusika nasentlakohlaza, ukuba ngaba iimeko zokuxheshiswa nezezulu azikho ntle. Loo nto ke ixhaphake kakhulu emathokazini.

Ukuqwalasela ukudumba kweemazi

  • Iimazi zeenkomo zicaca msinya xa imizimba yazo ifuna iinkunzi.

  • Olunye lweempawu zalento kukuba imazi ingazoli.

  • Iimazi ziye zithi ukunxakama oku zinge zinxakamela amathole azo.

  • Iimazi zeenkomo ziye zithi xa imizimba yazo ifuna iinkunzi zithande ukuzikhetha kwezinye apha emhlambini, zihambe ziye kuthi qelele kuwo.

  • Iimazi zeenkomo ziye zithande nokumana zichama izichenenana zemichamo, zize ke zijoje umoya.

  • Iindlebe ezi zona ziyashukuma, aze amehlo la wona abonakalise ubuvelithi.

  • Iimazi zeenkomo ezifuna iinkunzi ziye zithande nokukhotha ezinye, zidlale nangeentloko ezi zazo, zifike zizithe tyu iintloko apha kwezinye.

  • Kananjalo iimazi zeenkomo ezifuna iinkunzi ziyathanda nokuzama ukukhwela kwezinye nokuvumela ezinye ukuba zikhwele apha kuzo.

  • Apha ngemva ziye zibonakalise ukudumba, kubekho nokuvuza okubonakalayo apha ngemva. Imisila le ziye zibe buyiphakamisa, ziyibekele bucala apha emiveni.

Ukukhwelisa

Indlela exhaphake kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kukumithisa ngokuwafaka ngesandla amadlozi, ngakumbi kwiimazi zobisi. Kwiinkomo zenyama kukholisa ukuba kukhweliswe ngokufaka inkunzi enye okanye nangaphezulu apha emhlambini.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba iinkunzi neemazi zibe nemizimba esempilweni ukuze ukusukela kube nempumelelo:

  • Iinkunzi zeenkomo kunye neemazi kufuneka zibe sempilweni entle phambi kokuba kuqale ukusukela.

  • Kufuneka ukuba phambi kokuba zidityaniswe neemazi zihlolwe ukuba ziyakwazi na ukuzalisa nokuba zikwazi kangakani na ukukhwela.

  • Phambi kokuba kuqalise ukusukela kufuneka ukuba kuqhutywe unyango olwenzelwe ukulwa nezimfimfithi-gazi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.

  • Xa iziinkomo zenyama kunokuba bhetele kakhulu xa inkunzi nganye inokufakwa enkampini nomhlambi weemazi wayo yodwa. (iimazi ezingamashumi amathathu (30) ukuya kwezingamashumi amane (40) kwinkunzi nganye).

  • Emva kwesithuba seenyanga ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu kufuneka ukuba iinkunzi zisuswe emihlambini yeemazi.

  • Xa iziinkomo zobisi, iimazi ezinemizimba efuna iinkunzi kufuneka zisiwe enkunzini okanye zimithiswe ngokuzifaka amadlozi ngesirinji yokwenza oko.

IIHAGU

  • Ezimazini zeehagu isithuba sokuba nomzimba ofuna iinkunzi sithatha iintsuku ezingamashumi amabini ananye (21) ngokomyinge.

  • Iimazi zeehagu zithatha iintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu zinemizimba efuna iimazi.

  • Ukufuna komzimba wemazi yehagu iinkunzi kunokuqinisekiswa ngohlolo ekuthiwa "kukuma ngxi" ngokucinezela ngamandla kule milenze yangasemva okanye ngokukhwela apha emqolo kuzo.

  • Oku kukhwela emqolo ezimazini kufuneka kwenzelwe kwindawo yazo, kungabikho kufutshane nenkunzi, kananjalo kungabi xa zisitya.

  • Imiva le yazo iyadumba ithande ukuba bomvu ngombala. Kusenokubakho nokuvuza okukhoyo okuyinto emhlophe enobudekenda (emnyubuluzi).

  • Iimazi ziye zithande ukungabi nakuzola.

  • Emva kweeyure ezingamashumi amathathu (30) iqalile imizimba ukufuna iinkunzi amaqanda aye afikelele encotsheni yokulungela ukuthatha.

  • Ukuba ngaba isithuba esiphakathi kokuzala nokulumla sifutshane, into enokwenzeka kukuba emva koko amathuba okudumba kwemazi anokungazinzi.

  • Kufuneka iimazi zeehagu zibekwe elisweni elibukhali kakhulu, kuqwalaselwe ukudumba kwazo. Inkunzi kufuneka ukuba qho kusasa ize kudityaniswa apha emhlambini weemazi. Ziya kuthi ke ezo mazi zinemizimba efuna iinkunzi zibe seziyifuna apha loo nkunzi ingenisiweyo.

  • Imizimba yeemazi zeehagu iye iphinde ibe kwimeko yokufuna iinkunzi kwakhona emva kweentsuku ezintandathu ilumle.

Ukukhwelisa

  • Iimazi zeehagu kufuneka ukuba phambi kokuba zisukelwe zingatyebi kakhulu, kodwa ke imizimba le yazo ibe kubunzima obuye benyuka. Ukusukela ekulumleni kwazo ukuya kutsho ekuqaliseni kwemizimba yazo ukufuna iinkunzi, kufuneka ukuba ukutya kwazo ngemini nganye kube ziikhilo ezintathu ubunzima.

  • Iimazi zeehagu ezingaphindi zidumbe okwesibini kufuneka zisuswe emhlambini.

  • Amathokazi eehagu akufuneki ukuba aqalise ukusukelwa engekafiki kubunzima obuziikhilo ezilikhulu elineshumi (110 kg), nakubudala obuziinyanga ezisixhenxe ukuya kwezisibhozo. Ngelo xesha ke kufuneka ukuba zibe sezidumba okwesithathu emva kokuba ziqalisile ukufikisa.

  • Bubulumko ukuba imazi isiwe enkunzini kathathu qho emva kweeyure ezilishumi elinesibini. Loo nto ke ithetha ukuba imazi ikhwelwa amaxesha amathathu ngethuba lokudumba kwayo.

  • Iinkunzi zona ziye ziqalise ukuba namadlozi anokukwazi ukumithisa nokukwazi ukuchama xa zikwisithuba seenyanga ezintlanu ukuya kwezintandathu ubudala. Akufuneki ke ukuba iinkunzi zisetyenziselwe ukukhwelisa zingekafiki kwiinyanga ezisibhozo ubudala.

  • Amandla eenkunzi okukwazi ukumithisa aye ke anyuke ngokunyuka zide ziye kuba neenyanga ezilishumi elinesibini ubudala. Phambi kokuba zifike kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini akufuneki ukuba zikhweliswe ngaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezine ngeveki, kunjalo nje kufuneka ukuba ikhwele kube kanye ngemini. Kufuneka itsityiswe usuku phambi kokuba iphinde ikhweliswe.

  • Iinkunzi ezisencinane kufuneka ukuba zona ziqale ngokukhwela amathokazana asemancinane phambi kokuba zikhweliswe iimazi ezindala, kuba kaloku iimazi ezindala zinakho nokuba nobugcwabevu.

  • Ukufikisa kweenkunzana zeehagu ezisencinane kunokukhawuleziswa ngokuthi zivalelwe kwiihokwana ezisecaleni kwezineemazi ezinemizimba efuna iinkunzi.

  • Iinkunzi zeehagu ezindala akufuneki ukuba zikhwele ngaphezu kwemazi enye ngemini, kunjalo nje zingakhweliswa ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezithandathu ngeveki, kwaye ke zibe namaxesha okuphumla, usuku olunye ukuya kwiintsuku ezimbini.

  • Iinkunzi zeehagu akufuneki ukuba zikhwele ngaphezu kweemazi ezingaphaya kweshumi elineesihlanu ukuya kwezingamashumi amabini ngexesha lokusukela.

  • Inkunzi yehagu ekhweliswa kakhulu inokuhlelwa ngamandla okuzalisa.

  • Inkunzi yehagu esetyenziswa kancinane inokungenwa kukudakumba xa kuphinda kufika ixesha lokusukela.

  • Ukuba ngaba inkunzi yehagu enzima kakhulu ngenxa yobukhulu iza kukhweliswa imazana esencinane kufuneka ukuba kusetyenziswe ibhokisana yamaplanga yokwenza ungqamekwana lokukhwelisa.

  • Umgangatho wale ndawo ikhwelela kuyo inkunzi akufuneki ukuba ugude kakhulu, kwaye ke kufuneka ukuba ibe yindawo eqheliweyo yinkunzi le.

  • Akufuneki ukuba inkunzi ikhwele ingabekwanga liso. Kufuneka ke ukuba xa kukho uncedo ekufuneka ilunikiwe, ilunikwe.

  • Iimazi zeehagu ngalo lonke ixesha kufuneka ukuba zisiwe ezinkunzini.

  • Emva kokuba zikhwelwe iimazi zeehagu kufuneka ukuba ziphindiselwe ezihokweni zazo ukwenzela ukunqanda ukuba zenzakaliswe ziinkunzi.

TS Brand, B Aucamp, J Botha & A Kruger
ELSENBURG / Research