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Ukuxheshiswa kwamathokazi okuvala izithuba
Afrikaans | English
Uninzi lwamafama obisi luzikhulisela ngokwalo amathokazi okuvala izithuba (zeemazi ezimkileyo). Le nto ke yeyona ikhethwayo endaweni yokuya kuthenga amathokazi kwamanye amafama, ngenxa yezi zizathu zilandelayo:
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Amathokazi athengiweyo kuye kuthi kanti avela kumnombo obuthathaka okanye nongaziwayo.
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Iinkomo ezithengiweyo zisenokuthi kanti zinesifo esisulelayo esifana nophunzo olusulelayo okanye isifo sephepha seenkomo.
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Ixabiso athengwe ngalo amathokazi lidla ngokuba lingahambelani nomgangatho wokwehlisa kwawo.
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Amathokazi akholisa ukuba angafumaneki ngeli xesha afunwa ngalo.
Amathokazi kufuneka ukuba akhawuleze azale, kuba ke leyo yeyona ndlela kunokunqandwa ngayo ukunyuka kweendleko zokuwakhulisa. Kambe ke kuyafuneka ukuba kulunyukelwe into yokuba amathokazi atyebe kakhulu. Kanti ke njengokuba amathokazi esiya ekhula nje aya esanda ngokwanda namanqathe awo. Amanqathe aba lapha ebeleni ngaphambi kokuba ithokazi libe lifikelele kwithuba lokuba lingathatha aye abe nefuthe elibi kwindlela elinika ngayo ubisi ithokazi.
Ukuba ngaba inkomo ikhula ngokukhawuleza, loo nto yenza ukuba ihambe kakuhle nendlela yokwenza ukuba ukutya kubunyuse ubunzima bayo, kuba kaloku ubuninzi bokutya kuya ekukhuliseni, ngelixa iligcuntswana nje eliya ekuxhaseni umphefumlo. Kufuneka ke ngoko ukuba amathokazi akhawuleze ukukhula aye kufika kwithuba lokuba angasukelwa, engadlulanga kubudala obuthile. Xa athe asukelwa engekafiki kwixabiso lobudala obuthile, loo nto ingenza ukuba angehlisi, kunjalo nje izandise neengxaki anokuthi azifumane xa ezala. Kungaba kuhle xa amathokazi anokungazali esengaphantsi kweenyanga ezingamashumi amabini anesibini (22) ubudala; kambe ke kufuneka ukubaangade adlule kwiinyanga ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe engekazali. Ubukhulu kwakunye nemeko akuyo amathokazi ngexesha lokuzala okokuqala zizinto ezo eziye zibe nefuthe elikhulu kakhulu kwindlela aya kunika ngalo ubisi kumasu awo amathathu okuqala.
Xa ithokazi lithe laba nobunzima obuphezulu ngexesha lokuzala kwalo okokuqala, ngamanye amazwi xa lithe lafika kubukhulu balo obupheleleyo, loo nto yenza ukuba lehlise kakhulu kumasu alo amathathu okuqala. Ngaphezulu ithokazi elikhulu likholisa ngokuba libe nemfihlo yamafutha eninzi apha emzimbeni walo, into ke leyo elenza likwazi ukuba likhawulelana neemfuno zalo zamandla omzimba ngesiya sithuba seenyanga ezintathu zokuqala lizele. Le nto ke ibaluleke kakhulu kuba kukwesi sithuba kanye apho umxhesho ungenakukwazi ukuba uthi uwodwa nje uzifezekise iimfuno zokunikwa kobisi ngokwaneleyo nangokufanelekileyo. Amathokazi asele ethe dlundlu kakuhle ekukhuleni wona akafuni mandla maninzi okuwafikelelisa kubunzima bawo obupheleleyo ngesi sithuba selisu lokuqala, into ke leyo eyenza ukuba abe maninzi amandla aya ekuvelisweni kobisi. Le nto ke iye ihlale inje kude kuye kufika nakwilisu lesithathu.
Into ebangela ukuba amanye amathokazi anganiki ubisi ngokwaneleyo kukuba apha ebeleni kuye kuthi kanti into eninzi ngamanqathe ngaphezu kwedlala eli lebele. Le nto yoku kuqokelelana kwamanqathe amaninzi ebeleni iqalisa ukwenzeka xa ithokazi lifike kwisithuba sokuba lingasukelwa nangaphambi koko.
UKUXHESHISA
Eyona nto ingundoqo nenelona galelo likhulu ekukhuleni kwamathokazi yindlela axheshiswa ngayo. Ukuxheshisa okubaxekileyo kunefuthe elibi ekukhuleni kwamathokazi njengoko kunjalo nokusibamba kakhulu isandla ekuxheshiseni. Iimfuno zezondlo zomzimba iya zijika ngokujika njengokuba esiya ekhula nje amathokazi. Loo nto ke yenza ukuba kufuneke ukuba indlela ekuxheshiswa ngayo mayimane ukutshintshwa ngokobu budala bulandelayo bamathokazi:
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iinyanga ezintathu (3) ukuya kwezintandathu (6)
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iinyanga ezintandathu (6) ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibini (12)
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iinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini (12) ukuya kutsho kwithuba lokuzala.
Kwiinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu
Xa ekwesi sithuba sobudala amathokazi antanganye anokuthi abekwe kunye ezishedini okanye kwiintlantana ezincinane. La mathokazi akweli qela lidityanisiweyo kufuneka angashiyani ngeenyanga ezingaphezulu kwezimbini ubudala. Xa asengaka ubudala izisu ezi (oopensi) azikakhuli ngokwaneleyo, into ke leyo ethetha ukuba amathokazi la kufuneka anikwe owona mxhesho untlakantlaka usemgangathweni ofana nengca yasedlelweni okanye ifuru yezityalo eziyimidumba. Isitroyi, ikafu, iindiza nokutyisa emafusini nasemadizeni akumgangatho ophantsi zizinto ezinokuthi zikudodobalise ukukhula kweenkomo. Umxhesho womxube wezi zinto nothe wanikwa wamninzi okanye ke umxhesho ontlakantalaka osemgangathweni omhle (onjengefuru yelusini, eyengca okanye eyezityalo eziyimidumba, okanye owengca yedlelo) odityaniswe ne-1,5 kg yomgubo wokukhulisa amathole, ungakwazi ukukhawulelana neeemfuno zethole elikobu budala.
Kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibini
Xa sele efike kwesi sithuba sobudala isisu sele sikhule ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ke ithole liba nakho ukuba lingawusebenzisa kakuhle umxhesho ontlakantlaka. Apho sivela khona sona sondlo ifanele kukuba kusemxheshweni ontlakantlaka osemgangathweni ophezulu kakhulu onjengengca yedlelo, iindiza zesisele okanye nefuru. Kwesi sithuba sobudala ukuba ngaba afumana umxhesho ontlakantlaka osemgangathweni ophantsi, kwaye akatyi kakuhle ngokwaneleyo, loo nto iye ikudodobalise ukukhula kwawo, kunjalo nje iwenze abonakalise ukungondleki.
Kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini ukuya kutsho kwithuba lokuzala
Xa ekwesi sithuba sobudala, ngokokuxhomekeka ke ekubeni ungakanani na umxhesho okhoyo,kwaye ukumgangatho onjani na, kungalandelwa nayiphi na kwezi ndlela zilandelayo zokuxheshisa:
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Indlela 1 - nangayiphi na ifuru ekumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu
Makanikwe ifuru yezityalo eziyimidumba (ilusini) ekumgangatho ophezulu okanye atyiswe kwizityalo ezisezincinane ezisakhulayo, kuze ke kudityaniswe ne-1 kg yomgubo wombona (okanye iinkozo ezincinane) ngemini, kude kuye kufikelela kwithuba lokuba angasukelwa. Izinika-mandla kuyayekwa ngazo de kube kusele iinyanga ezintathu nje phambi kokuba azale, kuze ke emva koko ithokazi linikwe ikhilo enye (1 kg) yomgubo oyidairy meal ngemini.
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Indlela 2 - ngefuru ekumgangatho ophakathi nje
Makanikwe ifuru ekumgangatho ophakathi nje idityaniswe ne-2 kg ysinika-mandla seeprothini esintlakantlaka ngemini kude kuye kutsho kwisithuba sokuba angasukelwa.
Emva kokuba ethathile: Ikhilo enye (1 kg) yomgubo kunye nomxhesho ontlakantlaka
Xa sekusele nje iinyanga: Iikhilo ezimbini (2 kg) zomgubo idairy ezintathu phambi kokuba azale meal kunye nomxhesho ontlakantlaka ngemini
Xa sele kusele nje iinyanga ezintathu phambi kokuba ithokazi lizale zibaluleke kakhulu ezi zinika-mandla zongezelelweyo, njengoko ithole lisiya likhula apha ngaphakathi, ngokunjalo nomgcantsi.
Ukuba ngaba kucaca ukuba amathokazi la afuna ukutyeba kakhulu, kufuneka ucuthwe umxhesho wezinika-mandla eziwunikwayo.
ULAWULO
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Amathokazi kufuneka ahlulwe abe ngamaqela ngamaqela ngokobudala bawo, ngakumbi xa exheshiswa. Umahluko okhoyo wokushiyana kwawo ngobudala lawo akwiqela elinye kufuneka ungadluli kwiinyanga ezimbini.
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Akukho mfuneko yokuba kwakhiwe isakhiwo sexabiso eliphezulu, kodwa ke kufuneka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba akaxinaniswa kwiintlanti ezimanzi, ezimdaka nokuba mdaka. Kuyafuneka ke kodwa ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba akhuselekile kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo (ngokuba phezulu okanye ngokuba sezantsi). Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba enzelwe umthunzi xa kushushu, ngakumbi kwiimini zasehlotyeni ezishushu kakhulu.
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Ukuze kungabikho kudyakrazeka komxhesho kufuneka ukuba kuxheshiselwe kwimikhombe yokutyela eyomeleleyo.
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Amathole kunye namathokazi kufuneka amane ebekwa esikalini ametwe nokumetwa qho ngenyanga nganye ngenjongo yokubona indlela akhula ngayo. Kunokuba kuhle kakhulu naxa kunokugcinwa itshati ekuya kuthi kumane kubhalwa kuyo ubunzima bethole ngalinye qho emva kokuba libekwe esikalini. Loo nto ke yenza ukuba kukwazeke ukuba itshintshwe indlela ekuxheshiswa ngayo, kungekade kufikelele kwimeko yokudodobala okungasayi kuba nabuyambo ukukhula kwalo ithole.
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Amathokazi kufuneka agcinwe eqhelisekile, embuna kananjalo. Kufuneka ukuba umfuyi amane ehamba-hamba apha phakathi kwawo qho. Ukuba ngaba kunokwenzeka oko, kunokuqaliswa kwakweziya nyanga zintathu zokugqibela phambi kokuba azale ukuwaqhelanisa nemeko yokuvalelwa ebuhlanti.
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Amathokazi kufuneka anqunyulwe iimpondo ngentsimbi yokutshisa engekayigqibi inyanga enye yobudala, kwaye nayiphi na imibele edlulileyo enanini kufuneka isuswe.
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Makulandelwe inkqubo yokuthintelwa kwezifo, into ke leyo eyenziwa ngokweengcebiso zikagqirha wezilwanyana okanye zomcebisi ngempilo yezilwanyana.
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Kuyimfuneko, kwaye kuyanyanzelwa nangumthetho, ukuba amathokazi agonyelwe isifo sophunzo olusulelayo xa eseneenyanga ezintlanu ubudala. Xa sele ethe adlula kobu budala akusakwazeki ukuba imazi yenkomo ingaba sagonyeka kwesi sifo.
CJC Muller
ELSENBURG / Research
