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Intengiso yempahla edlulileyo enanini Afrikaans | English

Ubudala bempahla kwakunye nemeko ekuyo zizinto ezixelayo ukuba zingathathwa njengezidlulileyo enanini nanjengezifanele ukuba zingathengiswa. Impahla edlulileyo enanini abafuyi bona bakholisa ukuyithengisela ukuxhela.

Kwimpahla emfutshane, iigusha neebhokhwe, ezi mpahla zidweliswe apha zikholisa ukuthathwa njengempahla edlulileyo enanini:

Iimazi ezindala (oo-a-oyi), iinkunzi, iihamile (iinkabi zegusha) neenkabi zebhokhwe

  • Ubudala bempahla bubonwa ngokujonga amazinyo ayo. Amazinyo okuqala aqalisa ukukhumka ukusukela kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesibini ukuya nakwezilishumi elinesihlanu. Awokuqala amazinyo amabini angaphambili asisigxina aqalisa ukuphuma kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinesine ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibhozo, size ke isibini esilandelayo siphume xa igqibe iminyaka emibini (igusha emazinyo amane), size esesithathu isibini siphume xa ineminyaka emithathu (igusha emazinyo amathandathu), size ke sona esokugqibela isibini siye kuphuma xa ineminyaka emine (igush' epheleleyo okanye emazinyw' asibhozo). Kuye kuthi ke ngokohlobo lwento eziyityayo amazinyo aqalise ukudleka abe zizirhunu okanye ukugungqa. Athi ke amazinyo akuba mafutshane okanye akumila ngohlobo olungelolwawo impahla ingakwazi ukutya kakuhle, nemveliso yayo ke iqale ukuhla. Zithi ke zakuba mbi iimeko zamadlelo, umzekelo ngexesha lembalela xa impahla inyanzeleka ukuba itye izinto ezilukhuni eziziintonga, amazinyo aqalise ukusinya nokuba impahla ayikagugi. Ngoko kusenokuba yimfuneko ukuba impahla ethile imkiswe emhlambini, nokuba isenamazinyo amathandathu nje. Kwiindawo aphaoiimeko zamadlelo zingawenzi adleke amazinyo abe zizirhunu, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubudala bempahla kunokwenziwa ngophawu okanye ngecwecwana lokuphawula elifakwa endlebeni. Kwiimeko ezinje ke amazinyo empahla angakhula abe made kakhulu, agungqe nokugungqa.

  • Xa iigusha neebhokhwe zifikelela kwiminyaka emihlanu okanye emithandathu ubudala, imveliso yazo iyehla ngokunjalo nasekuzaleni kwazo, zifune ke ukuba mazimkiswe emhlambini kufakwe ezincinane ezindaweni zazo. Ngeli xesha ke iimazi zeegusha zifanele ukuba sele ziwafumene amasu amane ubuncinane, into ke leyo ethetha ukuba zingakulungiselelwa ukuthengiswa.

  • Enye into ebalulekileyo ebonisa ukuba iimazi zegusha zikulungele ukuba zingaxhelwa ngamandla azo okuzala. Iimazi ezithi zingamithi emva kwamasu amabini okanye ezingakwaziyo ukondla nokukhulisa amatakane azo, kufuneka zimkiswe emhlambini. Ulawulo olululo lwamaxesha ekufanele ukuxhelwa ngawo lufuna ukuba amarekhodi agcinwe kakuhle.

  • Ngokuya inyuka iminyaka yobudala yeenkunzi, namandla azo okusukela imihlambi yeemazi emikhulu aya esihla nawo, kufuneke ke ukuba mazisuswe ezo nkunzi kufunwe ezinye kwangethuba. Kanti ke enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo yingozi yokuzalisana kwempahla ezalanayo nokudodabaliseka kokuzala kwempahla. Indlela yokuthintela iinkunzi ekubeni zisukele inzala yazo kufuneka ukuba emva kweminyaka emibini zisuswe emhlambini, ziye kufakwa kweminye imihlambi.

  • Impahla enemveliso ephezulu inokukhe igcinwe yona ixeshana elide, kodwa ke kuzanywe ukuba kulunyukelwe ukuba into yokuhla kokutya kwazo kungadodobalisa imveliso yazo.

  • Kubalulekile ukuba amazinyo eemazi abalwe emva kokuba zilumle, naphambi kokuqalisa kwazo ukusukelwa kwakhona. Iimazi eziqalisayo ukurhunuka amazinyo mazixhelwe.

  • Ukukhethwa kwempahla endala eza kulungiselwelwa ukuthengiswa kufuneka kwenziwe ngobuchule obukhulu kakhulu. Abantu ngoku bayinonophele kakhulu impilo yabo, into ke leyo eyenza ukuba bakhethe ukutya inyama engatyebanga kakhulu; ngoko ke amaxabiso enyama engatyebanga nawo aye abe phezulu. Impahla endala ekwimeko entle yona ingathengiswa nje yonke. Ukuyixheshisa akunangenelo kuza nayo, kuba ubunzima kwimpahla endala abukhawulezi ukunyuka, koko ikhawuleza ityebe.

  • Xa kukhangelwa ukuba ngaba igusha ikufanele na ukuxhelwa kudla ngokuyicofa-cofa apha ezintsuleni. Indlela avakala ngayo amalungu omqolo iye inike amanakani okuba ngaba ikwimeko enjani na impahla Ubungakanani bamanqathe apha ezintsuleni buye buncede ekuxatyisweni kwenyama.

Ukuxhelwa kweemazi zeegusha ezisencinane kunye neehamile (inkatyana ezisencinane) kunye neenkunzana ezisencinane

  • Kubuninzi babafuyi beegusha nabeebhokhwe ukuthengisa impahla esencinane okanye amatakane yeyona ndlela iphambili yokuzingenisela imali. Loo nto ke igxininisa ukubaluleka kokuba impahla ezalayo ibe ninzi nokuba abe phezulu amanani amatakane aphilayo de aye kulunyulwa. Xa liphezulu inani lamatakane athe aphila ada aya kulunyulwa, liba njalo ukuba phezulu nelalawo anokuthi athengiswe; kanti ke loo nto ikwathetha nokuba liya kuba phezulu nelempahla endala enokuthi imkiswe. Ngaphezulu, ikhilo yenyama yamatakane neyempahla esencinane ekumazinyo amabini ithengiseka ngamaxabiso aphezulu.

  • Ukuze kubekho inzuzo ebonakalayo, kufuneka ukuba impahla ilungiselelwe ukuxhelwa ize ke ikhawuleze ithengiswe kamsinyane, kungakhange kwangenwa kwiindleko eziphezulu.

  • Ubulumko kukuba impahla encinane mayithengiswe xa isandula kulunyulwa okanye ke kwakamsinyane emva kokuba ilunyulwe yaya kuzityela edlelweni. Kubaluleke kakhulu ngeli xesha ukuxheshisa nokukhetha uhlobo lwempahla oluthile. Amatakane anokuqalisa ukuthengiswa xa ubunzima bawo bukwiikhilo ezingama-35 ukuya kwezingama-40.

  • Njengokuba amatakane emancinane esakhula nje nobunzima bawo bunyuka mihla le xa esondliwa kakuhle, kuyakwazeka nokuba avalelwe kwiindawo zokuxheshisela. Kambe ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba inkcitho yokuxheshisa mayibalwe ngobuchulekazi obukhulu.Ukukhula kwetakane nokunyuka kobunzima balo kufuneka kuhambelane nendleko yomxhesho ekungenwa kuyo. Ixesha ekufuneka lithathwe phambi kokuba afike kubunzima obulungele ukuba angaxhelwa kufuneka libe lifutshane kangangoko.

Intengiso

Ukuthengiswa kwempahla egqithileyo enanini kunokwenziwa ngeendlela ngeendlela. Umfuyi kufuneka isigqibo sakhe asenzayo sikhokelwe kukuba zingaphi na ezi mpahla aza kuzithengisa, ungakanani na umgama oza kuhanjwa ukuya apho aza kuthengisa khona nokuba sikhona na isithuthi sokuzihambisa. Iimpahla isenokuthengiswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

  • isenokuthengiselwa izilarhipali ngokusebenzisa ii-arhente;

  • isenokusiwa kwizilarhipali zendawo yomfuyi;

  • isenokuya kuthengiswa ezifandesini;

  • isenokuthengiselwa oomatheng' ethengisa bempahla bethengiselwa kwalapha efama;

  • isenokuthengiswa ebantwini ngqo, nokuba ithengiswa ihamba okanye sele ixheliwe.

Xa impahla ithengiselwe izilarhipali inyama yazo iyahlelwa, aze ke amaxabiso ayo abekwe ngokodidi ekulo.

Kuye ke kube yimfuneko enkulu ukuba umfuyi makayazi indlela ekuqhutywa ngayo zizilarhipali xa zihlela inyama, kananjalo awazi namaxabiso athi abekelwe ezi ndindi zenyama. Iimpahla yahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezine kuhanjwa ngokweminyaka yayo:

  1. Udidi A : ngamatakane angekakhumki

  2. Udidi A/B : yenezinyo elinye ukuya kwenamabini

  3. Udidi B : yenamazinyo amathathu ukuya kwenemathandathu

  4. Udidi C : enamazinyo angaphezulu kwisithandathu

Kananjalo le mpahla ixheliweyo iphinda ihlelwe ngokokutyeba kwayo nangobungakanani bayo. Phezu kobudala bayo, enye into enempembelelo enkulu ekubekweni kwamaxabiso kukuba ityebe kangakanani na. Kule ke inkalo amanqaku okuhlela aqala ku-0 ukuya ku-6 :

  • 0 : ayinamanqatha

  • 1 : ibhityile kakhulu

  • 2 : ibhityile

  • 3 : iphakathi nje

  • 4 : ityebile

  • 5 : ityebe kakhulu

  • 6 : ityebe yade yagqithisa

Amatakane eza nawona maxabiso aphezulu ngalawa akudidi A2 nakudidi A3. Amaxabiso enyama ebhitye kakhulu aba bhetele kunawenyama etyebe kakhulu; ngelixa inyama yempahla eseyindala nayo isiza namaxabiso aphantsi.

Xa amatakane aziinkunzi sele ekhumkile, inyama yawo ithathwa ukuba yeyeenkunzi ezindala xa kuhlelwa inyama, ize ke njalo ize namaxabiso aphantsi.

Ukuyithengisela kwalapha efama impahla kungaba luncedo kakhulu; kuba akubikho ngxaki yesithuthi. Ukuzikhupha kwiingxaki zerhafu, kubhetele ukuthengisa ngokobunzima nangokuthengisa ngee-arhente ezaziwayo.

Ngamanye amaxesha iyenzeka into yokuba ukuthengisela abantu ngqo, nokuba ziphilile nokuba sele zixheliwe, ibe kukona kunenzuzo ethe kratya, ngakumbi xa ngaba imfuyo ayikho ninzi. Xa impahla ixhelwa ngumfama ngokwakhe, imithetho yezempilo ebekwe buburhulumente kufuneka ithotyelwe ngalo lonke ixesha.

Ngexesha lembalela kusenokuba bhetele ukuba impahla engekakulungeli ukuba ingaxhelwa ithengiselwe abo baneendawo zokuxheshisela, ngakumbi xa umntu engenazo yena izibonelelo zendawo yokuxheshisela okanye xa engenayo into yokuxheshisa. Xa kukho imbalela kufuneka kugcinwe kuphela loo manani empahla anokuthi akwazi ukuba umfuyi amenze oku kokuba aphile, naya kuthi akwazi ukuqwebela phezu kwayo yakudlula imbalela. Yonke impahla etyebileyo, neemazi esezindala kwakunye neenkatyana mazithengiswe ukwenzela ukuba zidedele ezi mazi zisencinane ukuze zifumane umnyinyivana onokuzenza zisinde ekudluleni nembalela.

TS Brand & B Aucamp
ELSENBURG / Research